#Does apple juice increase size free#
An accredited facility (Cawthron Laboratories Ltd.) assessed the free fructose, sucrose, and glucose contents of the apples and the apple juice by HPLC. A Mill Orchard brand of apple juice was chosen, because it contained 100% apple juice with no added sugar, preservatives, colors, flavors, or concentrate. Royal Gala apples ( Malus domestica) were chosen because they were in season during the study period. Randomization was undertaken with STATA (STATA/IC version 13.1 StataCorp) computer software. The biostatistician was not involved in the practical undertaking of the experiment. By using a randomized list, the biostatistician (JJH) block-randomized participants by sex to groups and to the order in which they received the test foods.
#Does apple juice increase size code#
A unique study number with a code to identify sex was assigned to participants before randomization. Exclusion criteria were as follows: diabetes, cancer, a digestive condition that may affect the absorption of fructose, a recent stroke, or current pregnancy. Participants were required to be between 18 and 65 y of age and to have normal fasting blood glucose, defined by the WHO as a concentration <5.6 mmol/L ( 15). Participants were a convenience sample of University of Otago students (58 women, 15 men) recruited in February–March 2015 ( Figure 1). Secondary objectives were to measure satiety, glycemia, and blood pressure with these treatments. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to compare the acute effect of fructose from whole fruit and from fruit juice in typical serving sizes with a fructose monosaccharide beverage on plasma uric acid concentration. Five apples is a large amount of fruit to eat in one sitting, and our interest was to consider more realistic amounts of fruit in line with nutrition advice and guidelines. However, it has been found that the acute ingestion of 5 apples results in postprandial hyperuricemia ( 14). ( 13) suggesting that there is little evidence to support this concept. Whether the structure of whole fruit has an effect on fructose metabolism is unclear, with Sievenpiper et al. ( 5) questioned whether “fructose is fructose” despite the source, suggesting that fructose from fruit may not have the same effects on reducing satiety and increasing uric acid and blood pressure as do added sugars due to the food matrix of whole fruit, which reduces the metabolic effects of fructose. This provides a contradiction within nutrition advice and guidelines in which fructose from added sugars is to be limited, whereas fruit, which contains fructose, is promoted. Although the dietary intake of free fructose has been increasing since 1970 ( 11), many natural sources of free fructose are available in the diet, including fruit, some vegetables, and honey ( 12). Some argue that fructose is a key contributor to these chronic conditions and is implicated in the development of related diseases, including hyperuricemia ( 5, 11). The debate on fructose and hyperuricemia has been fueled by an increased use of added sugars, such as high-fructose corn syrup, and their association with an increase in obesity and the metabolic syndrome ( 11). Chronic hyperuricemia is a prerequisite of gout and is considered an independent risk factor for renal and cardiovascular disease ( 10). A proposed reason for this statement is that the hepatic metabolism of fructose leads to the rapid depletion of ATP, resulting in the production of uric acid, a risk factor for hyperuricemia ( 6–9). However, a sugar contained in fruit, fructose, has been the subject of current debate, with some arguing that fructose is toxic ( 3–5). The World Cancer Research Fund and the WHO recommend that people consume 5 portions of nonstarchy fruit and vegetables each day to reduce the risk of a number of chronic diseases ( 1, 2). Fruit, fructose, uric acid, sugar, glycemia INTRODUCTIONįruit is recommended by health organizations worldwide as being a low energy–dense food rich in fiber and micronutrients ( 1).
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